![]() It is argued that the emergence of these communities may be related to the increasing numbers of Southeast Asians making the hajj pilgrimage and the emergence in Mecca of a self-perpetuating community of Malay-speaking scholars and Sufis, who mediated between Southeast Asians and the wider Muslim world. ![]() Besides these, various other communities of Muslim religious specialists, distinguished by their white dress, proliferated in the same period. In the nineteenth century, several tariqa gained a larger and more popular following, giving rise to Sufi communities that stood out from society at large. Initially, the tariqa remained restricted to a small educated elite, mostly based at the Malay and Javanese courts. Each tariqa had a distinctive set of spiritual techniques and devotional practices, associated with its eponymous founder and handed down to later generations along a silsila, a chain of teacher-disciple links. ![]() Kumpulan Kitab Kuning Dan Terjemahannya Itu tadi daftar link download kitab kuning dari berbagai sumber yang sudah siap untuk anda download dan siap untuk dijadikan materi belajar. several centuries after the first kingdoms of the region accepted Islam. Download PDF Kitab Kuning Dan Terjemahannya 201+ 1. Sufi orders (tariqa) are attested in Southeast Asia from the seventeenth century onwards, i.e.
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